Questions
5
Q1
What are minerals and how do they occur in nature?
Minerals are naturally occurring substances with a definite chemical composition and physical properties. They occur in igneous and metamorphic rocks as veins and lodes, in sedimentary rocks as beds and layers, through decomposition of surface rocks, and in alluvial deposits as placer minerals.
Q2
Differentiate between ferrous and non-ferrous minerals with examples.
Ferrous minerals contain iron, such as iron ore, manganese, and chromite. Non-ferrous minerals do not contain iron, such as copper, bauxite, lead, zinc, and gold. Ferrous minerals are important for steel and heavy industries, while non-ferrous minerals support electrical, transport, and other industries.
Q3
Describe conventional sources of energy and their importance.
Conventional energy sources include coal, petroleum, natural gas, and electricity from thermal and hydel power. They have long supported industry, transport, agriculture, and domestic needs, but fossil fuels are exhaustible and cause pollution when used carelessly.
Q4
Why are non-conventional energy sources important for India?
Non-conventional sources such as solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas, and nuclear energy are important because they reduce dependence on fossil fuels, lower pollution, and help meet rising energy demand. India has strong potential for solar and wind energy in many regions.
Q5
Why should minerals and energy resources be conserved?
Minerals and fossil fuels take millions of years to form and are finite. Conservation is needed to avoid rapid depletion, reduce environmental damage, and keep resources available for future generations. Recycling, efficient technology, public transport, and renewable energy use can help.